Two Variants of the Digital Party: The Platform Party and the Networked Party

Abstract

Aragón, P., & Gallego, H., & Laniado, D., & Volkovich, Y., & Kaltenbrunner, Andreas. (2017). Online Network Organization of Barcelona en Comú, an Emergent Movement-Party. Computational Social Networks 4. Doi: 10.1186/s40649-017-0044-4.

Barabási, A.-L. (2003). Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life. New York, NY: Perseus.

Bardi, L., & Calossi, E., & Pizzimenti E. (2017). What Face Comes First? The Ascendancy of the Party in Public Office. In S. E. Scarrow, P. D. Webb, & T. Poguntke (eds), Organizing Political Parties: Representation, Participation and Power (pp. 62-83). Oxford: Oxford UP.

Bond, B., & Exley, Z. (2016). Rules for Revolutionaries: How Big Organizing Can Change Everything. Hartford, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing.

Bourdieu, P. (1991). Political Representation: Elements for a Theory of the Political Field. In P. Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power (171-197). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP.

Bukart, P. (2014). Pirate Politics: The New Information Policy Contests. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Calise, M. (2007). Il Partito Personale. Roma: Laterza.

Calleja-Lopez, A. (2017). Since 15M: the technopolitical reassembling of democracy in Spain. University of Exeter: PhD dissertation.

Cross, W. P.., & Katz, R. S., & Pruysers (eds). (2018) The Personalization of Democratic Politics and the Challenge for Political Parties. London: Rowman & Littlefield.

Dahl, R. (1989). Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale UP.

Dayan, D., & Katz, E. (1992). Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP.

Della Porta, D., Fernández, J., Kouki H. & Mosca, L. (2017). Movement Parties Against Austerity. London: Polity.

Deseriis, M. (2017). Technopopulism: The Emergence of a Discursive Formation. TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique 15(2): 441-458.

Deseriis, M. (2019). Digital movement parties: a comparative analysis of the technopolitical cultures and the participation platforms of the Movimento 5 Stelle and the Piratenpartei. Information, Communication & Society. Doi: 10.1080/1369118X.2019.1631375.

Deseriis, M., & Vittori, D. (2019). The impact of online participation platforms on the internal democracy of two Southern European parties: Podemos and the Five-Star Movement. International Journal of Communication 13: 5696-5714.

Gerbaudo, P. (2019) The Digital Party: Political Organisation and Online Democracy. London: Pluto.

Gerbaudo P. (2018) Il partito piattaforma: La trasformazione dell’organizzazione politica nell’era digitale. Milano: Fondazione Feltrinelli. http://fondazionefeltrinelli.it.

Gerlitz, C., & Helmond, A. (2013). The like economy: Social buttons and the data-intensive Web. New Media & Society 15(8): 1348–1365.

Helmond, A. (2015). The Platformization of the Web: Making Web Data Platform Ready. Social Media + Society 1(2): 1-11. Doi: 10.1177/2056305115603080.

Karpf, D. (2018). Analytic activism and its limitations. Social Media + Society 4(1): 1–10. Doi:10.1177/2056305117750718.

Katz, R. S., & Mair, P. (1993). The Evolution of Party Organizations in Europe: The Three Faces of Party Organization. American Review of Politics 14(4): 593–618.

Katz, R. S., & Mair, P. (eds.) (1994). How Parties Organize. Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies. London: Sage.

Katz, R. S., & Mair, P. (1995). Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party. Party Politics 1(1): 5-28.

Katz, R. S., & Mair, P. (2009). The Cartel Party Thesis: A Restatement. Perspectives on Politics 7(4): 753-766.

Kitschelt, H. (2006). Movement Parties. In Katz, R. & Crotty, W. (eds). Handbook of Party Politics (pp. 280-290). London: Sage.

Margetts, H. (2006). Margetts, H. (2006). Cyber parties. In R. S. Katz & W. Crotty (Eds.), Handbook of party politics (pp. 528–535). London, UK: SAGE Publications.

Manin, B. (1997). The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.

Mazzoleni, G., & Schulz, W. (1999). “Mediatization” of Politics: A Challenge for Democracy? Political Communication 16(3): 247-261.

McKelvey, F. (2011). A programmable platform? Drupal, modularity, and the future of the web. Fibreculture 18.

http://eighteen.fibreculturejournal.org/2011/10/09/fcj-128-

programmable-platform-drupal-modularity-and-the-future-of-the-web.

Michels, R. (1915). Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. New York: Hearst’s International Library Company.

Mosca, L. (2018). Democratic vision and online participatory spaces in the Italian Movimento 5 Stelle. Acta Politica. Doi:10.1057/s41269-018-0096-y.

O’Reilly, T. (2005). What is Web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. http://oreilly.com/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html.

Panebianco, A. (1992). Modelli di partito. Organizzazione e potere nei partiti politici. Bologna: Il Mulino.

Poguntke T. (1993). Alternative Politics: The German Green Party. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP.

Russo Spena, G. and Forti. (2016). S. Ada Colau. La città in commune. Roma: Alegre.

Scarrow, S. (2000). Parties without Members? Party Organization in a Changing Electoral Environment. In R. Dalton & M. Wattenberg (eds), Parties without Partisans, (pp. 79-101). Oxford: Oxford UP.

Shea Baird, K. (2015). Beyond Ada Colau: the common people of Barcelona en Comú. OpenDemocracy. 27 May. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/beyond-ada-colau-common-people-of-barcelona-en-comu.

Shirky, C. (2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations. New York, NY: Penguin.

Toret, J. (2015). Tecnopolítica y 15M: la potencia de las multitudes conectadas: un estudio sobre la gestación y explosión del 15M. Barcelona: Universitat Oberta de Catalunya.

Van Biezen, I., & Mair, P. and Poguntke, T. (2012). Going, going, . . . gone? The decline of party membership in contemporary Europe. European Journal of Political Research 51(1): 24-56.

Weber, M. (1946). Politics as Vocation. In H. H. Gerth & C. Wright Mills (eds), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (pp. 77-¬128). New York: Oxford UP, 1946.

Zelinka, A. (2018). Examining Barcelona en Comú’s attempt to be a movement-party. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.

Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: PublicAffairs.

Il Blog delle Stelle. (2019). La verità sul voto su Rousseau. 31 August. Le 10 fake news a cui non credere [The truth about the vote on Rousseau. Ten fake news that are not to be believed]. https://www.ilblogdellestelle.it/2019/08/la-verita-sul-voto-su-rousseau-le-10-fake-news-a-cui-non-credere.html.

Participa Podemos. (2020). Participation portal official member count as of 21 February 2020. https://participa.podemos.info/es.

France 2. (2017). Partis politiques: les vrais chiffres des adhérents [Political parties: the true numbers about members]. 17 November. https://www.francetvinfo.fr/politique/ps/partis-politiques-les-vrais-chiffres-des-adherents_2473260.html.