Political Activism Research: Studying the Evoution of Political Behavior


Abstract


The study of political activism has grown significantly within the last fifty years. Political participation was always the cornerstone of research in political science, but the advent of comparative political behavior studies and quantitative analysis has paved the way for data-driven investigations of who votes, why people participate and what types of political activities citizens prefer. This article is an introduction to the main scholarship in political participation studies, its evolution since the beginning, the shift in focus from conventional activism to unconventional engagement, up to the most recent innovation of digital participation. The political behavior field has showed how citizens are not necessarily prepared to be polit-ical animals, how political interest and opportunities play a role in the levels of participation recorded and how individuals may choose newer, confrontational modes of political expression that better fit their needs. In the end, the entire development of this field of research highlights once more the relevance of political action, especially with regards to how participation has changed in Europe, over time and across borders.

DOI Code: 10.1285/i20356609v9i1p01

Keywords: electoral turnout; political behavior; political participation; protest; voting

References


Abrams, T.I. and D. Soskice (2010), “Informal Social Networks and Rational Voting”, British Journal of Political Science, 41: 229–257.

Ajzen, I. and M. Fishbein (1980), Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Almond G.A. and S. Verba (1963), The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Armingeon, K. (2007), “Political Participation and Associational Involvement“. In: Citizenship and Involvement”, in J.W. van Deth, J. R. Montero and A. Westholm (eds.), European Democracies. A Comparative Analysis. New York: Routledge.

Barnes, S. and M. Kaase (1979), Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.

Bellucci P. and V. Memoli (2012), “The determinants of democratic support in Europe”, in D. Sanders, P.C. Magalhaes, and G. Toka (eds.), Citizens and the European Polity: Mass Attitudes Towards the European and National Polities (Citizenship, Identity and European Integration), Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Beyer, J. (2014), Expect Us, New York: Oxford University Press.

Bimber, B. and R. Davis (2003), Campaigning Online, New York: Oxford University Press.

Cambpell, A. (1960), The American Voter, New York: Wiley.

Caren, N., R.A. Ghoshal, and V. Ribas (2011), “A Social Movement Generation: Cohort and Period Trends in Protest Attendance and Petition Signing”, American Sociological Review, (76) 1: 125-151.

Chadwick, A. and P. N. Howard (2008). Routledge handbook of internet politics, London: Routledge

Dahl, R.A. (1971), Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Dalton R.J. (2009), The Good Citizen: How a Younger Generation is Reshaping American Politics, Washington, DC: CQ Press.

Dalton, R., A. van Sickle, and S. Weldon (2010), “The Individual-Institutional Nexus of Protest Behaviour”, British Journal of Political Science, 40 (1): 51-73.

Dalton, R.J. (2013), The apartisan American: Dealignment and changing electoral politics, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: CQ Press.

Dalton, R. (2014), Citizen Politics, Los Angeles: CQ Press.

Dalton, R., and M. Kuechler (eds. 1990), Challenging the Political Order, New York: Oxford University Press.

Dalton, R., and C. Welzel (eds. 2014), The Civic Culture Transformed, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Downs, A. (1957), An Economic Theory of Democracy, New York:

Harper.

Eckstein, K., P. Noack, and B Gniewosz, (2013), “Predictors of Intentions to Participate in Politics and Actual Political Behaviors in Young Adulthood”, International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37: 428-435.

Ezrow, L. and G. Xezonakis (2014), Satisfaction with democracy and voter turnout: A temporal perspective, Party Politics, p. 1-12, DOI: 10.1177/1354068814549335.

Finkel, S.E. and E.N. Muller (1998), “Rational choice and the dynamics of collective political action: evaluating alternative models with panel data”, American Political Science Review March, 92(1); 37-49.

Fox, S. (2014), “Is it time to update the definition of political participation? Political participation in Britain: The decline and revival of civic culture”, Parliamentary Affairs, 67(2): 495–505.

Gladwell, M. (2010), “Small Change”, New Yorker, October 4.

Gladwell, M., C. Shirky (2011), “From Innovation to Revolution: Do Social Media Make Protest Possible?”, Foreign Affairs, 90 (2): 153-154.

Hayes, G. (2006), “Vulnerability and Disobedience: New Repertoires in French Environmental Protests”, Environmental Politics, (15) 5: 821-838.

Inglehart R. and G. Catterberg (2002), “Trends in Political Action: The Developmental Trend and the Post-Honeyrnoon Decline”, lnternational Journal of Comparative Sociology, 43(3-5): 300-16.

Inglehart, R. (1990), Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Jenkins, J.C., M. Wallace, and A. Fullerton (2008), “A Social Movement Society?”, International Journal of Sociology, 38 (3): 12-35.

Jennings. M.K. and J. van Deth (eds. 19890), Continuities in Political Action. Berlin: deGruyter.

Jones, P.E., L.H. Hoffman, and D.G. Young (2013), “Online Emotional Appeals and Political Participation: The Effect of Candidate Affect on Mass Behavior”, New Media & Society, 15(7): 1132–50.

Joseph, S. (2012), “Social Media, Political Change, and Human Rights”, Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, 35 (1): 145-188.

Karp, J. A. and C. Milazzo (2015), “Democratic Scepticism and Political Participation in Europe", Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, 25(1): 97-110.

Kern, A., S. Marien, and M. Hooghe (2015), “Economic Crisis and Levels of Political Participation in Europe (2002-2010): The Role of Resources and Grievances”, West European Politics, 38 (3): 465-490.

Kriesi, H., R. Koopmans, J.W. Dyvendak, and M. Giugni (1995), New Social Movements in Europe: A Comparative Analysis, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Kühberger, C. and E. Windischbauer (2010), Politische Bildung in der Volksschule. Annäherungen aus Theorie und Praxis, Innsbruck.

Lipset, Seymour M. (1994), “The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited: 1993 Presidential Address”, American Sociological Review, 59(1): 1-22.

Lipsitz, K. (2011), Competitive Elections and the American Voter. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Lupu, N. (2015), “Party Polarization and Mass Partisanship: A Comparative Perspective”, Political Behaviour, 37: 331–356.

Marien, S., M. Hooghe, and E. Quintelier (2010), “Inequalities in Non-institutionalised Forms of Political Participation: A Multi-level Analysis of 25 countries”, Political Studies, 58(1): 187-213.

Marsh, A. (1977), Protest and Political Consciousness. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Marsh A. and M. Kaase (1979), “Measuring Political Action”, in S.H. Barnes, M. Kaase, K.L. Allerbeck, B.G. Farah, F. Heunks, R. Inglehart, M.K. Jennings, H.D. Klingemann, A. Marsh and L. Rosenmayr (eds.), Political Action. Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies, eds., London: Sage Publications.

Melo, D., D. Stockemer (2014), “Age and Political Participation in Germany, France and the UK: A Comparative Analysis”, Comparative European Politics, (12) 1: 33-53.

Meyer, D. (2007), The Politics of Protest, New York: Oxford University Press.

Michelitch, K. (2012), “Beyond Voting: Temporal Proximity to Elections, Competitiveness, and Political Participation”. Available at:

http://blogs.nd.edu/ki-comparative/files/2013/04/Michelitch_BeyondVoting.pdf

Mossberger, K. (2009), “Toward digital citizenship: Addressing inequality in the information age”, in A. Chadwick and P. N. Howard PN (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. New York: Routledge.

Nam, T. (2007), “Rough Days in Democracies: Comparing Protests in Democracies”, European Journal of Political Research, (46) 1: 97-120.

Nir, Lilach. 2011. “Disagreement and Opposition in Social Networks: Does Disagreement Discourage Turnout?” Political Studies, 59:674–92.

Norris, P. (1999), Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, Oxford: Oxford University Press

Norris, P. (1999), Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Norris, P. (2002), Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Norris, P. (2003), “Young People and Political Activism: From the Politics of Loyalties to the Politics of Choice?”, Report presented at the Council of Europe Symposium, Strasbourg, France.

Putnam R.D. (2000), Bowling Alone, New York: Simon and Schuster.

Quaranta, M. (2013a), “The Impact of Institutional Decentralization on Protest in Western Europe”, International Political Science Review, (34) 5: 502-518.

Quaranta, M. (2013b), “Measuring Political Protest in Western Europe: Assessing Cross-National Equivalence”, European Political Science Review, (5) 3: 457-482.

Roberts, K. (2015), “Youth mobilisations and political generations: young activists in political change movements during and since the twentieth century”, Journal of Youth Studies, 18(8):950-966.

Rosenstone S.J. and J.M. Hansen (2003), Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America, New York: Macmillan.

Rucht, D. (2007), “The Spread of Protest Politics”, in R. Dalton, and H. Klingemann (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior, New York: Oxford University Press.

Rüdig, W., G. Karyotis (2014), “Who Protests in Greece? Mass Opposition to Austerity”, British Journal of Political Science, 44 (3): 487-513.

Sartori, G. (1987), The theory of democracy revisited. Parts I & II, London: Chatham House.

Shirky, C. (2011), “The Political Power of Social Media”, Foreign Affairs, (90) 1: 28-41.

Shyu, H. (2010), “Psychological resources of political participation: Comparing Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Mainland China”, Journal of International Cooperation Studies, 17(2), 25–47.

Smets, K. (2015), “Revisiting the political life-cycle model: later maturation and turnout decline among young adults”, European Political Science Review, pp 1 – 25, DOI: 10.1017/S1755773914000460.

Stolle, D., M. Hooghe, and M. Micheletti (2005), “Politics in the Supermarket: Political Consumerism as a Form of Political Participation”, International Political Science Review, 26 (3): 245-269.

Tarrow, S. (2011), Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Teorell, J. (2003), “Linking Social Capital to Political Participation: Voluntary Associations and Network of Recruitment in Sweden“, Scandinavian Political Studies, 26(1): 49-66.

Tilly, C., and S. Tarrow (2007), Contentious Politics, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.

Torcal, M., T. Rodon, and M.J. Hierro (2015), “Word on the Street: The Persistence of Leftist-dominated Protest in Europe”, West European Politics, (39) 2: 326-350.

Torney-Purta, J., R. Lehmann, H. Oswald and W. Schulz (2001), Citizenship and Education in Twenty-eight Countries: Civic Knowledge and Engagement at Age Fourteen. Amsterdam: The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement.

Van Aelst, P., S. Walgrave (2001), “Who is that (Wo)man in the Street? From the Normalisation of Protest to the Normalisation of the Protester”, European Journal of Political Research, 39 (4): 461-486.

van Deth, J. W. (2014), “A conceptual map of political participation”, Acta Politica, 49, 349–367.

Verba, S. and N. H. Nie (1972). Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality, New York: Harper and Row

Verba, S., N.H. Nie, and J.O. Kim (1978), Participation and political equality: A seven-nation comparison, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Verba, S., K.L. Schlozman, and H. Brady (1995), Voice and equality. Civic voluntarism in American politics, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Whiteley, P. F. (1995), “Rational Choice and Political Participation. Evaluating the Debate”, Political Research Quarterly, 48(1): 211-233.

Zittel, T. and D. Fuchs (2007), Participatory Democracy and Political Participation: Can Participatory Engineering Bring Citizens Back In? London and New York, NY, Routledge.

Articles published in this special issue:

Christensen H.S. (2016), “Political Dissatisfactions and Citizen Involvement: Political Participation in Europe during the Early Stages

of the Economic Crisis”, Partecipazione e conflitto, 9(1): 19-45

Di Mauro D. (2016), “Economic Crisis and Electoral Participation in European Elections. An Assessment of the Relationship”, Partecipazione e conflitto, 9(1): 46-71

Filetti A. (2016), “Participating Unequally? Assessing the Macro-Micro Relationship between Income Inequality and Political Engagement in Europe”, Partecipazione e conflitto, 9(1): 72-100

Vassallo F., P. Ding (2016), “Explaining Protest in the Aftermath of the Great Recession in Europe: The Relevance of Different Economic Indicators”, Partecipezione e conflitto, 9(1): 101-126

Memoli V. (2016), “Unconventional Participation in Time of Crisis: How Ideology Shapes Citizens’ Political Actions”, Partecipazione e conflitto, 9(1): 127-151

Iancu A., S. Soare (2016), “Political Activism: Post-communist Challenges and Opportunities in East Central Europe”, Partecipazione e conflitto, 9(1): 152-180

Portos M. (2016), “Taking to the Streets in the Shadow of Austerity: A Chronology of the Cycle of Protests In Spain, 2007-2015”, Partecipazione e conflitto, 9(1): 181-210

Splendore S. (2016), “Media Use, Political Participation and the Level of Digitization. A Comparative Analysis of EU Countries”, Partecipazione e conflitto, 9(1): 211-232

Quaranta M. (2016), “Towards a Western European “Social Movement Society”? An Assessment: 1981–2009”, Partecipazione e conflitto, 9(1): 233- 258


Full Text: PDF

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia License.