Analysing the Case of Rohingya Refugees In Bangladesh: Different Levels of Solidarity

Abstract

African Insiders. (2019) “Africa insiders: Tiny Gambia stands up for the Rohingya”. African Arguments. Available at: https://africanarguments.org/2019/12/africa-insiders-tiny-gambia-stands-up-for-the-rohingya/ (accessed 22 March 2023)

Agustín, Óscar García , and Martin Bak Jørgensen, eds. (2016) Solidarity Without Borders: Gramscian Perspectives on Migration and Civil Society Alliances. London: Pluto Press.

Agustín, Ó. G., and M. B. Jørgensen. 2018. Solidarity and the ‘Refugee Crisis’ in Europe. London: Palgrave.

Ahmad, Syed Magfur, & Naeem, Nasruzzaman (2020). Adverse economic impact by Rohingya refugees on Bangladesh: some way forwards. International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research 7(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.46291/IJOSPERvol7iss1pp1-14

Ahmed, Imtiaz (2009) The Rohingyas: From stateless to refugee, Dhaka: University of Dhaka.

Ahmed, Kaamil (2022) “‘Like an open prison’: a million Rohingya refugees still in Bangladesh camps five years after crisis.” Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/aug/23/five-years-rohingya-refugees-2017-bangladesh-myanmar-military-crackdown (accessed 21 May 2023)

Alam, Jobair (2020) “The Status and Rights of the Rohingya as Refugees under International Refugee Law: Challenges for a Durable Solution” Journal of Immigration and Refugee Studies 10.1080/15562948.2020.1746872

Albert, Eleanor and Maizland, Lindsay (2020) The Rohingya Crisis. Council on Foreign Relations. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/rohingya-crisis (accessed 23 May, 2023)

Aljazeera (2018) “Who are the Rohingya?” Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/4/18/who-are-the-rohingya (accessed 21 March 2023)

Ansar, Ansar, and Md. Abu Faisal Khaled, Abu Faisal (2023) “In search of a Rohingya digital diaspora: virtual togetherness, collective identities and political mobilisation.” Humanity Social Science Community 10:61 https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01553-w

Ansar, Md. and Khaled, Abu Faisal Md. (2021) From solidarity to resistance: host communities’ evolving response to the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Journal of International Humanitarian Action 6(16) https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-021-00104-9

Babu Kudrat-E-Khuda., (2020) The impacts and challenges to host country Bangladesh due to sheltering the Rohingya refugees. Cogent Social Science 6(1) https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1770943

Baurmann, Michael (1999) Solidarity as a social norm and as a constitutional norm. In Solidarity by Kurt Bayertz (ed.) Berlin: Springer Dordrecht, pp. 243–272.

Bass, Gary J. (2017) We, too, were forced to seek refuge. The Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/rohingya-bangladesh-refugees-pakistan/543969/ (accessed 21 March 2023)

BBC News. (2020) “Rohingya crisis: The Gambian who took Aung San Suu Kyi to the World Court”. BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51183521 (accessed 19 March 2023)

Berg, Stephanie van den. (2019) “Gambia files Rohingya genocide case against Myanmar at World Court: Justice minister”. Reuters. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-world-court-idUSKBN1XL18S (accessed 20 March 2023)

Benard, Cheryl (1986) Politics and the refugee experience. Political Science Quarterly 101(4):617–636. https://doi.org/10.2307/2150797

Besheer, Margaret. (2019) “Gambia sues Myanmar for genocide against Rohingya Muslims”. Voice of America. Available at: https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_gambia-sues-myanmar-genocide-against-rohingya-muslims/6179185.html (accessed 18 March 2023)

Bhonsale, Mihir Shekhar (2015) “Evolution of the Arakan ‘problem’ in Burma”. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 76:631–636

Bruhn, John G. and Rebach, Howard M. (2007) Sociological Practice: Intervention and Social Change. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer.

Bowen, Glen (2009) Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal 9(2): 27-40.

Chambers, Robert (1986) Hidden losers? The impact of rural refugees and refugee programs on poorer hosts. International Migration Review 20(2):245–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838602000207

Chikera, de Amal (2021) “Stateless and Persecuted: What Next for the Rohingya?” Migration Policy Institution. Available at: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/stateless-persecuted-rohingya (accessed 20 March 2023)

Crossette, Barbara (2013). “Buddhist Violence in Burma.” The Nation. Available at: https://www.thenation.com/article/buddhist-violence-burma/ (accessed 21 May 2023).

Crisp, Jeff (2022) “Primitive people: The untold story of UNHCR's historical engagement with Rohingya refugees”. Humanitarian Practice Network. Available at: https://odihpn.org/publication/primitive-people-the-untold-story-of-unhcrs-historical-engagement-with-rohingya-refugees/ (accessed 12 March 2023)

D’Hubert, Thibaut (2005) Patterns of composition in the seventeenth-century Bengali literature of Arakan. In: Orsini F, Schofield K (eds) Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature and Performance in North India. Open Book Publishers, Cambridge

Dhaka Tribune (2017) If we can feed 160m, we can also feed 700,000 Rohingya refugees. Available at: https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/09/12/bangladesh-can-feed-700000-rohingya-refugees/ (accessed 19 March 2023)

Douwes, Renate, Stuttaford, Maria, & London, Leslie (2018) “Social Solidarity, Human Rights, and Collective Action: Considerations in the Implementation of the National Health Insurance in South Africa.” Health and Human rights 20(2), 185–196.

Farzana, Kazi Fahmida (2017) Memories of Burmese Rohingya Refugees. New York: Palgrave Macmillan

Featherstone, D. (2012) Solidarity: Hidden Histories and Geographies of Internationalism. London: Zed Books.

Gaztambide-Fernández, R. (2012) “Decolonization and the Pedagogy of Solidarity. Decolonization: Indigeneity.” Education & Society 1 (1): 41–67.

Gould, Carol (2007) “Recognition, Empathy and Solidarity,” in Socialité et reconnaissance. Grammaire de l’humain, ed. G. Bertram, R. Celikates, C. Laudou and D. Lauer (Paris: Edition de l’Haramattan)

Government of Bangladesh (1972) The Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Available at: http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367.html (accessed 19 March 2023)

Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 1979. “Emotion, Work, feeling Roles, and Social Structure.” American Journal of Sociology 85:551-575.

Hoffstaedter, Gerhard (2017) Refugees, Islam, and the State: the role of religion in providing sanctuary in Malaysia. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies 15(3):287–304.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2017.1302033

Hossain, Sajeeb. (2021) Bangladesh’s judicial encounter with the 1951 Refugee Convention. Forced Migration Review 67:59-61

Hunt, Louise (2020) “Gambia's genocide case against Myanmar shows that smaller countries can also help balance the scales of International Justice”. Equal Times. Available at: https://www.equaltimes.org/gambia-s-genocide-case-against (accessed 13 March 2023)

Husein, Naushad Ali, and Khan, Maliha (2017) A fight to survive for Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Aljazeera. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/3/16/a-fight-to-survive-for-rohingya-refugees-in-bangladesh (accessed 17 March 2023)

Joehnk, Tom Felix (2017) How the Rohingya Crisis Is Changing Bangladesh. The New York Times. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/opinion/rohingya-bangladesh-myanmar.html (accessed 13 February 2023)

Kapeller, Jakob, and Fabio Wolkenstein (2013) “The Grounds of Solidarity: From Liberty to Loyalty.” European Journal of Social Theory 16 (4): 476–491.

Karim, Sajjad and Uddin, Mohammad Jasmin (2016) Foreign Policy of Bangladesh. BIISS Journal, 37(4): 339-362.

Karin, Shahnam, Chowdhury, Md., Hasnat, Md., and Tarin, Nusrat (2020) “Status of Rohingya in Refugee Camps of Bangladesh: A Review Study.” 7(9) 1-24.

King, Natasha (2016) No Borders: The Politics of Immigration Control and Resistance. Long: Zed Books.

Kipgen, Nehginpao (2014) Addressing the Rohingya Problem, Journal of Asian and African Studies, 49(2) 234–247.

Knappert, Lena, Dijk, Hans van, and Ross, Veerle (2018) “Refugees’ inclusion at work: a qualitative cross-level analysis” Career Development International 25(1) 32-48

Kolers, Avery (2016) A moral theory of Solidarity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lintner, Bertil (2019) “No way home, no way out for Rohingya refugees”. Asia Times. Available at: https://asiatimes.com/2019/08/no-way-home-no-way-out-for-rohingya-refugees/ (accessed 22 May 2023)

Malkki, L. H. (2015) The Need to Help: The Domestic Arts of International Humanitarianism. Durham: Duke University Press.

Mim, Nusrat Jahan (2020) Religion at the margins: resistance to secular humanitarianism at the Rohingya refugee camps in Bangladesh. Religions 11(8):423. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11080423

Minahan, James (2016) Encyclopedia of stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the World. Greenwood Press, London

Mohammad, Nour (2012) Refugee Protection Under the Constitution of Bangladesh: A Brief Overview. Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group. Available at: http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rw%20files/RW39_40/12.pdf (accessed 25 February 2023)

Meuleman, Bart, Mazzola, Alessandro, Martiniello, Marco, and Rea, Andrea (eds.) (2019) The Refugee Reception Crisis in Europe: Polarized Opinions and Mobilizations. Bruxelles: Éditions de ULB.

New Age Bangladesh (2022) “Govt totally fails to rally int’l support over Rohingya crisis: BNP”. Available at: https://www.newagebd.net/article/179341/govt-totally-fails-to-rally-intl-support-over-rohingya-crisis-bnp (accessed 22 May 2023)

Oosterlynck, S., M. Loopmans, N. Schuermans, J. Vandenabeele, and S. Zemni (2016) “Putting Flesh to the Bone: Looking for Solidarity in Diversity, Here and Now.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 39 (5):764–782.

Palmer, Victoria (2011) Analysing cultural proximity: Islamic relief worldwide and Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Development Practice 21(1):96–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2011.530226

Paquette, Danielle (2019) “Why a tiny African country is taking the Rohingya's case to the World Court”. The Washington Post. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/why-a-tiny-african-country-is-taking-the-rohingyas-case-to-the-world-court/2019/11/12/f491d5a4-04cd-11ea-9118-

d6bd37dfb1_story.html (accessed 22 February 2023)

Rahman, Utpala (2010) “The Rohingya Refugee: A Security Dilemma for Bangladesh.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 8(2), 233-239.

Reid, Kathryn (2023) “Rohingya refugee crisis: Facts, FAQs, and how to help.” World Vision. Available at: https://www.worldvision.org/refugees-news-stories/rohingya-refugees-bangladesh-facts#:~:text=1977%20to%201978%3A%20Some%20200%2C000,crackdown%20follows%20a%20popular%20uprising. (accessed 23 May 2023)

Rorty, Richard (1989) Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rygiel, Kim (2011) “Bordering Solidarities: Migrant Activism and the Politics of Moment and Camps at Calais.” Citizenship Studies 15 (1): 1–19.

Salsabeel, Nahian (2019) “The Dream of the Buddhist-Burmese Nation-State: No Place for the Rohingya. Community”. Peace and Security Review 9(20), 98-120.

Salsabeel, Nahian (2022) “The Rohingya Refugee: A Prolonged Crisis in the International Arena”. South Asia Journal. Available at: http://southasiajournal.net/the-prolonged-rohingya-humanitarian-crises-is-being-overshadowed-by-other-international-issues/ (accessed 17 March 2023)

Schanberg, Sydney (1971). Bengali refugees stirring strife in India. The New York Times.

https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/06/archives/bengali-refugees-stirring-strife-in-india-bengali-refugees-stirring.html (accessed 10 January 2023)

Schwiertz, Helge & Schwenken, Helen (2020) Introduction: inclusive solidarity and citizenship along migratory routes in Europe and the Americas, Citizenship Studies DOI:10.1080/13621025.2020.1755155

Straehle, Christine (2020) “Associative solidarity, relational goods, and autonomy for refugees: What does it mean to stand in solidarity with refugees?” Journal of Social Philosophy 51(4), pp. 526–542. doi:10.1111/josp.12339.

Temby, Owen (2015) “What are levels of analysis and what do they contribute to international relations theory?”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 28:4, 721-742, DOI: 10.1080/09557571.2013.831032

The Financial Express (2017) “Rohingyas outnumber locals in Ukhia, Teknaf” Available at: https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/rohingyas-outnumber-locals-in-ukhia-teknaf-1509099538 (21 May 2023)

Time (2018) About 60 Rohingya babies are born every day in refugee camps, the U.N. says. Available at: http://time.com/5280232/myanmar-bangladesh-rohingya-babies-births/ (accessed 22 January 2023).

Ullah, Akm Ahsan. (2011) “Rohingya Refugees to Bangladesh: Historical Exclusions and Contemporary Marginalization.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 9(2): 139-161.

UNDP. (2018). Impacts of the Rohingya refugee influx on host communities. Available at: https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/2019/08/UNDP_Impacts-ofthe-Rohingya-Refugee-Influx-on-Host-Communities_Nov2018.pdf (accessed 19 January 2023)

Khan, Nusrat (2022) “Involving Rohingya refugees in reforestation in Bangladesh to reduce disaster risks” United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Available at: https://www.undrr.org/news/involving-rohingya-refugees-reforestation-bangladesh-reduce-disaster-risks (accessed 27 September 2023)

United Nations (n.d.) Refugees and Migrants, Compact of Refugees. Available at: https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/definitions (accessed 27 January 2023)

UN OHCHR (1948) Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/english (accessed 27 February 2023)

UN OHCHR (1949) Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/geneva-convention-relative-protection-civilian-persons-time-war (accessed 17 February 2023)

UN OHCHR (1984) Convention against Torture and other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading (accessed 19 February 2023)

UN OHCHR (1989) Convention on the Rights of the Child. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child (accessed 20 February 2023).

Wade, Francis (2017) Myanmar’s Enemy Within Buddhist Violence and Making of a Muslim ‘Other’, London: Zed Books

Yasmin, Lailufar, and Akhter, Sayeda (2019) “The locals and the Rohingyas: Trapped with an uncertain future.” Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 5(2), 104–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057891119865021

Yurdusev, Nuri (1993) “’Levels of Analysis’ and ‘Units of Analysis’: A Case of Distinction,”

Millennium: Journal of International Studies 22(1) 77-88