The impact of English as a Lingua Franca on emotions. The role of individuals’ native language vs. second language


Abstract


This chapter aims to contribute to the current understanding of how languages impact the emotions elicited by textual messages. Grounding on the episodic trace theory – a theoretical framework originally developed in the field of cognitive psychology – we examine the role of ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) in affecting the emotional reactions of individuals having different linguistic backgrounds. Across two studies, we investigate the role of ELF in international communication by focusing on the dichotomy of native (L1) vs. second language (L2). Study 1, conducted online through the use of self-reported measures, shows that the use of ELF arouses more positive emotions among individuals having English as a native language (L1), rather than as a second language (L2). Study 2 employs an Automated Facial Coding(AFC) software, namely FaceReaderTM, able to track human basic emotions, and confirms how textual messages in L1 produces a greater emotional reaction than L2. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of the findings, followed by some directions for future research.

DOI Code: 10.1285/i22390359v38p167

References


Arnold H.J. and Feldman D.C. 1981, Social desirability response bias in self-report choice situations, in “Academy of Management Journal” 24 [2], pp. 377-385.

Belanche D., Casaló L.V. and Guinalíu M. 2013, The role of consumer happiness in relationship marketing, in “Journal of Relationship Marketing” 12 [2], pp. 79-94.

Benelli E., Mergenthaler E., Walter S., Messina I., Sambin M., Buchheim A., Sim E.J. and Viviani R. 2012, Emotional and cognitive processing of narratives and individual appraisal styles: recruitment of cognitive control networks vs. modulation of deactivations, in “Frontiers in Human Neuroscience” 6, p. 239.

Berkman E.T. and Lieberman M.D. 2009, Using neuroscience to broaden emotion regulation: theoretical and methodological considerations, in “Social and Personality Psychology Compass” 3 [4], pp. 475-493.

Blommaert J. 2015, Chronotopes, scales, and complexity in the study of language in society, in “Annual Review of Anthropology” 44, pp. 105-116.

Burklund L.J., Creswell J.D., Irwin M.R. and Lieberman M.D. 2014, The common and distinct neural bases of affect labeling and reappraisal in healthy adults, in “Frontiers in Psychology” 5, pp. 1-10.

Caldwell-Harris C.L. 2015, Emotionality differences between a native and foreign language: implications for everyday life, in “Current Directions in Psychological Science” 24 [3], pp. 214-219.

Caldwell-Harris C.L., Tong J., Lung W. and Poo S. 2011, Physiological reactivity to emotional phrases in Mandarin-English bilinguals, in “International Journal of Bilingualism” 15 [3], pp. 329-352.

Chentsova-Dutton Y.E. and Tsai J.L. 2010, Self-focused attention and emotional reactivity: the role of culture, in “Journal of personality and social psychology” 98 [3], p. 507.

Cootes T.F. and Taylor C.J. 2004, Statistical models of appearance for computer vision, Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester.

Costa A. and Sebastián-Gallés N. 2014, How does the bilingual experience sculpt the brain?, in “Nature Reviews Neuroscience” 15 [5], pp. 336-345.

Danner L., Sidorkina L., Joechl M. and Duerrschmid K. 2014, Make a face! Implicit and explicit measurement of facial expressions elicited by orange juices using face reading technology, in “Food Quality and Preference” 32, pp. 167-172.

De Wijk R.A., He W., Mensink M.G., Verhoeven R.H. and De Graaf C. 2014, ANS responses and facial expressions differentiate between the taste of commercial breakfast drinks, in “PloS one” 9 [4].

Dudschig C., De la Vega I. and Kaup B. 2014, Embodiment and second-language: Automatic activation of motor responses during processing spatially associated L2 words and emotion L2 words in a vertical Stroop paradigm, in “Brain and language” 132, pp. 14-21.

Ekman P., Sorenson E.R. and Friesen W.V. 1969, Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion, in “Science”, 164 [3875], pp. 86-88.

Ekman P. and Cordaro D. 2011, What is meant by calling emotions basic, in “Emotion Review” 3 [4], pp. 364-370.

Elder C. and Davies A. 2006, Assessing English as a lingua franca, in “Annual Review of Applied Linguistics” 26, pp. 282-301.

Foroni F. 2015, Do we embody second language? Evidence for ‘partial’ simulation during processing of a second language, in “Brain and cognition” 99, pp. 8-16.

Gao S., Zika O., Rogers R.D. and Thierry G. 2015, Second language feedback abolishes the “hot hand” effect during even-probability gambling, in “Journal of Neuroscience” 35[15], pp. 5983-5989.

Garcia-Burgos D. and Zamora M.C 2013, Facial affective reactions to bitter-tasting foods and body mass index in adults, in “Appetite” 71, pp. 178-186.

Goldberg J.H. 2014, Measuring Software Screen Complexity: Relating Eye Tracking, Emotional Valence, and Subjective Ratings, in “International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction” 30 [7], pp. 518-532.

Griner D. and Smith T.B. 2006, Culturally adapted mental health intervention: A meta-analytic review, in “Psychotherapy: Theory, research, practice, training” 43 [4], p. 531.

Grisaffe D.B. and Nguyen H.P. 2011, Antecedents of emotional attachment to brands, in “Journal of business research”, 64 [10], pp. 1052-1059.

Gyurak A., Gross J.J. and Etkin A. 2011, Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a dual-process framework, in “Cognition and Emotion” 25 [3], pp. 400-412.

Hayakawa S., Costa A., Foucart A. and Keysar B. 2016, Using a foreign language changes our choices, in “Trends in Cognitive Sciences” 20 [11], pp. 791-793.

Jenkins J. 2000, The Phonology of English as an International Language, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Jenkins J. 2007, English as a lingua franca: Attitude and identity, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Jenkins J. 2012, English as a Lingua Franca from the classroom to the classroom, in “ELT Journal” 66 [4], pp. 486-494.

Jenkins J. 2015, Repositioning English and multilingualism within English as a Lingua Franca, in “Englishes in Practice” 2 [3], pp.49-85.

Johar G.V., Maheswaran D. and Peracchio L.A. 2006, MAP ping the Frontiers: Theoretical Advances in Consumer Research on Memory, Affect, and Persuasion, in “Journal of Consumer Research” 33 [1], pp. 139-149.

Jończyk R., Boutonnet B., Musiał K., Hoemann K. and Thierry G. 2016, The bilingual brain turns a blind eye to negative statements in the second language, in “Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience” 16 [3], pp. 527-540.

Kachru B.B. 1992, The Other Tongue. English across Cultures, University of Illinois Press, Champaign, Illinois.

Kachru B.B. 2005, Asian Englishes. Beyond the Canon, University of Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong.

Kalisch R. 2009, The functional neuroanatomy of reappraisal: Time matters, in “Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews” 33, pp. 1215-1226.

Kohn N., Eickhoff S.B., Scheller M., Laird A.R., Fox P.T. and Habel U. 2014, Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation – An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis, in “Neuroimage” 87, pp. 345-355.

Koole S.L. 2009, The psychology of emotion regulation: an integrative review, in “Cognition and emotion” 23 [1], pp. 4-41.

Kross E., Bruehlman-Senecal E., Park J., Burson A., Dougherty A., Shablack H., Bremner R., Moser J. and Ayduk O. 2014, Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: How you do it matters, in “Journal of Personality Social Psychologhy” 106 [2], pp. 304-324.

Leung C. and Street B. 2014, Classroom constructions of language and literacy activity, in Prinsloo M. and Stroud C. (Eds.), Educating for language and literacy diversity: Mobile selves, Basingstoke, Hants: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 23-44.

Lewinski P., Fransen M.L. and Tan E.S. 2014, Predicting advertising effectiveness by facial expressions in response to amusing persuasive stimuli, in “Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics” 7 [1], p. 1.

Lowenberg P.H. 1993, Issues of validity in tests of English as a world language: Whose standards?, in “World Englishes” 12 [1], pp. 95-106.

Lowenberg P.H. 2000, Non-native varieties and issues of fairness in testing English as a world language in “Fairness and validation in language assessment”, pp. 43-59.

Luna D. and Peracchio L.A. 2001, Moderators of language effects in advertising to bilinguals: A psycholinguistic approach, in “Journal of Consumer Research” 28 [2], pp. 284-295.

Marian V. and Neisser U. 2000, Language-dependent recall of autobiographical memories, in “Journal of Experimental Psychology: General” 129 [3], pp. 361-68.

Marian V. and Kaushanskaya M. 2004, Self-construal and emotion in bicultural bilinguals, in “Journal of Memory and Language” 51 [2], pp. 190-201.

MacKenzie I. 2014, English as a lingua franca: Theorizing and teaching English, Routledge, London.

McNamara T. 2011, Managing learning: authority and language assessment, in “LanguageTeaching” 44 [4], pp. 500-515.

McNamara T. 2014, 30 Years on—Evolution or Revolution?, in “Language Assessment Quarterly” 11 [2], pp. 226-232.

Messina I., Bianco S., Sambin M. and Viviani R. 2015, Executive and semantic processes in reappraisal of negative stimuli: insights from a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies, in “Frontiers in Psychology” 6, pp. 1-13.

Morawetz C., Bode S., Baudewig J., Jacobs A.M. and Heekeren H.R. 2016, Neural representation of emotion regulation goals, in “Human Brain Mapping” 37 [2], pp. 600-620.

Noldus 2014, FaceReader: Tool for automatic analysis of facial expression: Version 6.0, Noldus Information Technology B.V., Wageningen, the Netherlands.

Opitz B. and Degner J. 2012, Emotionality in a second language: it's a matter of time, in “Neuropsychologia” 50 [8], pp. 1961-1967.

Ostler N. 2010, The Last Lingua Franca. English until the Return of Babel, Allen Lane, Londra.

Palmeri T.J., Goldinger S.D. and Pisoni D.B. 1993, Episodic encoding of voice attributes and recognition memory for spoken words, in “Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition” 19 [2], pp. 309-328.

Pavlenko A. 2012, Affective processing in bilingual speakers: disembodied cognition?, in “International Journal of Psychology” 47, pp. 405-428.

Pryor J.B., Gibbons F.X., Wicklund R.A., Fazio R.H. and Hood R. 1977, Self-focused attention and self-report validity, in “Journal of Personality” 45 [4], pp. 513-527.

Pulvermüller F. 2005, Brain mechanisms linking language and action, in “Nature Reviews Neuroscience” 6, pp. 576-582.

Pulvermüller F. and Fadiga L. 2010, Active perception: Sensorimotor circuits as a cortical basis for language, in “Nature Reviews Neuroscience” 11, pp. 351-360.

Puntoni S., De Langhe B. and Van Osselaer S.M. 2009, Bilingualism and the emotional intensity of advertising language, in “Journal of Consumer Research” 35 [6], pp. 1012-1025.

Raaijmakers J.G. and Shiffrin R.M. 1992, Models for recall and recognition, in “Annual Review of Psychology” 43 [1], pp. 205-234.

Seidlhofer B. 2001, Closing a conceptual gap: the case for a description of English as a lingua franca, in Davies A. and Elder C. (eds.), The handbook of applied linguistics, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 431-450.

Seidlhofer B. 2011, Understanding English as a Lingua Franca, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Tavassoli N.T. and Lee Y.H. 2003, The differential interaction of auditory and visual advertising elements with Chinese and English, in “Journal of Marketing Research” 40 [4],pp. 468-480.

Van Kuilenburg H., Wiering M.A. and Den Uyl M. 2005, A model based method for automatic facial expression recognition, in “European Conference on Machine Learning”, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 194-205.

Winkielman P., Niedenthal P.M. and Oberman L. 2008, The embodied emotional mind, in Semin G.R. and Smith R.E. (eds), Embodied Grounding: Social, Cognitive, Affective, and Neuroscientific Approaches, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 263-288.


Full Text: pdf

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia License.