The fate of the idea of Recovery today: A user-centred analysis


Abstract


This perspective piece examines one way, amongst many, in which power works to silence users and survivors of the ‘psy’ disciplines when they begin finding a voice. This is by re-claiming ideas that originated with survivor movements and making them part of mainstream discourses. In the process these ideas and practices are transformed. We can call this ‘co-option’. I take as my example the ‘Recovery Approach’ and address three questions. First, is this approach a ‘normalising’ one? Second, is it claimed to be universal? And finally, what are the different perspectives of researchers, practitioners and service users on this way of dealing with distress? I identify some counter-narratives which bear the seeds of resistance, including from indigenous scholarship. The argument uses a lens of concepts and methods from survivor research.

 


DOI Code: 10.1285/i24212113v8i2p103

Keywords: Recovery, Mental Health, Power, Cooption

References


Adeponle, A., Whitley, R., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2012). Cultural contexts and constructions of recovery. In A. Rudnick (Ed.), Recovery of people with mental illness: Philosophical and related perspectives (pp. 109-132). Oxford University Press.

Ahonen, P., Tienari, J., Meriläinen, S., & Pullen, A. (2014). Hidden contexts and invisible power relations: A Foucauldian reading of diversity research. Human Relations, 67(3), 263-286. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713491772

Bassman, R. (2001). Whose reality is it anyway? Consumers/survivors/ex-patients can speak for themselves. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 41(4), 11-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167801414002

Bayetti, C., Jadhav, S., & Jain, S. (2016). The re-covering self: a critique of the recovery-based approach in India’s mental health care. Disability and the Global South, 3(1), 889-909. https://disabilityglobalsouth.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/dgs-03-01-04.pdf

Bonavigo, T., Sandhu, S., Pascolo-Fabrici, E., & Priebe, S. (2016). What does dependency on community mental health services mean? A conceptual review with a systematic search. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(4), 561-574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1180-0

Costa, L., Voronka, J., Landry, D., Reid, J., Mcfarlane, B., Reville, D., & Church, K. (2012). "Recovering our stories": A small act of resistance. Studies in Social Justice, 6(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v6i1.1070

Davar, B. (2013). From mental illness to disability: choices for women users /survivors of psychiatry in self and identity constructions. In R. Addlakha (Ed.), Disability Studies in India: Global Discourses, Local Realities (pp. 333-360). Routledge.

Davidson, L., O'Connell, M., Tondora, J., Styron, T., & Kangas, K. (2006). The top ten concerns about recovery encountered in mental health system transformation. Psychiatric Services, 57(5), 640-645. https://doi.org/ 10.1176/ps.2006.57.5.640

Deegan, P. (1996). Recovery as a journey of the heart. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 19(3), 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0101301

Deegan, P. E. (1988). Recovery: The lived experience of rehabilitation. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 11(4), 11-19. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/H0099565

Dickens, G., Weleminsky, J., Onifade, Y., & Sugarman, P. (2012). Recovery star: Validating user recovery. The Psychiatrist, 36(2), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.111.034264

Eaton, J., McCay, L., Semrau, M., Chatterjee, S., Baingana, F., Araya, R., Ntulo, C., Thornicroft, G. & Saxena, S. (2011). Scale up of services for mental health in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 378, 1592-1603. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60891-X

Fairclough, N., Mulderrig, J., & Wodak, R. (2011). Critical Discourse Analysis. In T. A. van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse Studies. A multidisciplinary Introduction (pp. 357-378). Sage.

Farmer, P., Bourgois, P., Fassin, D., Green, L., Heggenhougen, H., Kirmayer, L., . . . Farmer, P. (2004). An anthropology of structural violence. Current Anthropology, 45(3), 305-325.

Finlay, J., Esposito, M., Kim, M. H., Gomez-Lopez, I., & Clarke, P. (2019). Closure of ‘third places’? Exploring potential consequences for collective health and wellbeing. Health & Place, 60, 102- 225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102225

Forrest, R. (2014). The Implications of Adopting a Human Rights Approach to Recovery.

Foucault, M. (1967). Madness and Civilisation: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Penguin.

Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Vintage.

Foucault, M. (2013). History of madness. Routledge.

Freeman, M. C., Kolappa, K., de Almeida, J. M. C., Kleinman, A., Makhashvili, N., Phakathi, S., . . . Thornicroft, G. (2015). Reversing hard won victories in the name of human rights: a critique of the General Comment on Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(9), 844-850. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00218-7

Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press.

Gone, J. P. (2011). The Red Road to Wellness: Cultural Reclamation in a Native First Nations Community Treatment Center. American Journal of Community Psychology, 47(1), 187-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-010-9373-2

Gone, J. P. (2013). Redressing First Nations historical trauma: Theorizing mechanisms for indigenous culture as mental health treatment. Transcultural psychiatry, 50(5), 683-706. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461513487669

Gone, J. P. (2016). Alternative knowledges and the future of community psychology: Provocations from an American Indian healing tradition. American Journal of Community Psychology, 58(3-4), 314-321. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12046

Gould, D. (2012). Service Users Experiences of Recovery under the 2008 Care Programme Approach.

Happell, B., Waks, S., Bocking, J., Horgan, A., Manning, F., Greaney, S., . . . Allon, J. (2019). ‘There's more to a person than what's in front of you’: Nursing students’ experiences of consumer taught mental health education. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 28(4), 950-959. https:/doi.org/10.1111/inm.12596

Harper, D., & Speed, E. (2012). Uncovering recovery: The resistible rise of recovery and resilience. Studies in Social Justice, 6(1), 9-26. http://hdl.handle.net/10552/1634

Hook, D. (2007). Discourse, knowledge, materiality, history: Foucault and discourse analysis. In Foucault, psychology and the analytics of power (pp. 100-137). Springer.

Hopper, K. (2007). Rethinking social recovery in schizophrenia: What a capabilities approach might offer. Social Science & Medicine, 65(5), 868-879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.04.012

Howell, A., & Voronka, J. (2012). Introduction: The politics of resilience and recovery in mental health care. Studies in Social Justice, 6(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.26522/SSJ.V6I1.1065

Jain, S. (2016). Cross-cultural psychiatry and the user/survivor movement in the context of globalmental health. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 23(3/4), 305-308. https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2016.0035

Joseph, A. J. (2019). Constituting “Lived Experience” discourses in mental health: The ethics of racialized identification/representation and the erasure of intergeneration colonial violence. Journal of Ethics in Mental Health, 10.

Kaiser BN, Varma S, Carpenter-Song E, Sareff R, Rai, S., & Kohrt, B. (2020). Eliciting recovery narratives in global mental health: Benefits and potential harms in service user participation. Psychiatric Rehabiltation Journal, 43, 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000384

Kirmayer, L. J., Gone, J. P., & Moses, J. (2014). Rethinking Historical Trauma. Transcultural psychiatry, 51(3), 299-319. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461514536358

Landry, D. (2017). Survivor research in Canada:‘Talking’recovery, resisting psychiatry, and reclaiming madness. Disability & Society, 32(9), 1437-1457. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2017.1322499

Le Boutillier, C., Chevalier, A., Lawrence, V., Leamy, M., Bird, V. J., Macpherson, R., . . . Slade, M. (2015). Staff understanding of recovery-orientated mental health practice: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Implementation Science, 10(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0275-4

Lofthus, A.-M., Weimand, B. M., Ruud, T., Rose, D., & Heiervang, K. S. (2018). “This is not a life anyone would want”—a qualitative study of norwegian act service users' experience with mental health treatment. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 39(6), 519-526. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2017.1413459

McWade, B. (2016). Recovery-as-policy as a form of neoliberal state making. Intersectionalities: A Global Journal of Social Work Analysis, Research, Polity, and Practice, 5(3), 62–81. https://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/IJ/article/view/1602/0

Miller, P., & Rose, N. (2008). Governing the present. Polity Press.

Moser, I. (2000). Against normalisation: Subverting norms of ability and disability. Science as culture, 9(2), 201-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/713695234

Myers, N. (2016). Recovery stories: An anthropological exploration of moral agency in stories of mental health recovery. Tranascultural Psychiatry, 53, 427-444. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461516663124

Nazarea, V. D. (1999). Ethnoecology: situated knowledge/located lives. University of Arizona Press.

Neale, J., Tompkins, C., Wheeler, C., Finch, E., Marsden, J., Mitcheson, L., . . . Strang, J. (2015). “You’re all going to hate the word ‘recovery’by the end of this”: Service users’ views of measuring addiction recovery. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 22(1), 26-34. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2014.947564

NSUN(2020). User-Led Groups Continue to Close. NSUN

O'Hagan, M., Reynolds, P., & Smith, C. (2012). Recovery in New Zealand: An evolving concept? International Review of Psychiatry, 24(1), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2011.651447

Osborn, L. A., & Stein, C. H. (2017). Community mental health care providers’ understanding of recovery principles and accounts of directiveness with consumers. Psychiatric Quarterly, 88(4), 755-767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-017-9495-x

Parella, L. (1993). Participation in government structures: Progress or co‐option? Australian Feminist Studies, 8(18), 67-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.1993.9994697

Pilgrim, D. (2009). Recovery from mental health problems: Scratching the surface without ethnography. Journal of Social Work Practice, 23(4), 475-487. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650530903375033

Price-Robertson, R., Obradovic, A., & Morgan, B. (2017). Relational recovery: beyond individualism in the recovery approach. Advances in Mental Health, 15(2), 108-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2016.1243014

Puschner, B., Repper, J., Mahlke, C., Nixdorf, R., Basangwa, D., Nakku, J., … Slade, M. (2019). (2019). Using Peer Support in Developing Empowering Mental Health Services (UPSIDES): Background, Rationale and Methodolog. Annals of Global Health, 85. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2435

Putnam, L. L., Grant, D., Michelson, G., & Cutcher, L. (2005). Discourse and resistance: Targets, practices, and consequences. Management Communication Quarterly, 19(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318905276557

Rennick-Egglestone, S., Elliott, R., Smuk, M., Robinson, C., Bailey, S., Smith, R., . . . Cuijpers, P. (2020). Impact of receiving recorded mental health recovery narratives on quality of life in people experiencing psychosis, people experiencing other mental health problems and for informal carers: Narrative Experiences Online (NEON) study protocol for three randomised controlled trials. Trials, 21(1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04428-6

Ricci, Cristina, É., Leal, Maria, E., Davidson, L., & Costa, M. (2021). Narratives about the experience of mental illness: The recovery process in Brazil. Psychiatric Quarterly, 92(2), 573-585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09824-4

RiTB (nd) recoveryinthebin.org (last accessed 09/08/2022)

Rose, D. (2014). The mainstreaming of recovery. Journal of Mental Health, 23(5), 217-218. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2014.928406

Rose, D. (2017). Service user/survivor-led research in mental health: epistemological possibilities. Disability & Society 32, 773-789. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2017.1320270

Rose, D. (2018). Renewing epistemologies: service user knowledge. In Social policy first hand: An international Introduction to Participatory Social Welfare (ed. P. Beresford and S. Carr), pp. 132-141. Policy Press: Bristol.

Rose, D. (2021). Critical qualitative research on ‘madness’: knowledge making and activism among those designated ‘mad’. Wellcome Open Research 6. https://doi.org/10.12688%2Fwellcomeopenres.16711.1

Rose, D., Trevillion, K., Woodall, A., Morgan, C., Feder, G. & Howard, L. (2011). Barriers and facilitators of disclosures of domestic violence by mental health service users: Qualitative study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198, 189-194.

Russo, J., & von Peter, S. (2021). Politicising crisis support: Learning from autonomous self-organising in Bochum, Germany. Advances in Mental Health, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2021.2000337

Slade, M. (2009). Personal recovery and mental illness: A guide for mental health professionals (Vol. 34). Cambridge University Press.

Slade, M., Adams, N., & O'Hagan, M. (2012). Recovery: Past progress and future challenges. International Review of Psychiatry, 24(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2011.644847

Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G., . . . Whitley, R. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery‐oriented practices in mental health systems. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20084

Slade, M., Bird, V., Clarke, E., Le Boutillier, C., McCrone, P., Macpherson, R., . . . Leamy, M. (2015). Supporting recovery in patients with psychosis through care by community-based adult mental health teams (REFOCUS): A multisite, cluster, randomised, controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(6), 503-514. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083733

Still, A., & Velody, I. (2012). Rewriting the History of Madness: Studies in Foucault'sHistoire de la Folie'. Routledge.

Topor, A., Borg, M., Di Girolamo, S., & Davidson, L. (2011). Not just an individual journey: social aspects of recovery. International JOurnal of Social Psychiatry, 57(1), 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764009345062

Vinthagen, S., & Johansson, A. (2013). Everyday resistance: Exploration of a concept and its theories. Resistance Studies Magazine, 1, 1-46. http://resistance-journal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Vinthagen-Johansson-2013-Everyday-resistance-Concept-Theory.pdf

Waks, S., Scanlan, J. N., Berry, B., Schweizer, R., Hancock, N., & Honey, A. (2017). Outcomes identified and prioritised by consumers of Partners in Recovery: A consumer-led study. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1498-5

Wallcraft, J. (2012). Consumer models of recovery: Can they surviveoperationalism? World psychiatry, 11, 3-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2012.tb00122.x

Wandel, T. (2001). The power of discourse: Michel Foucault and critical theory. Journal for Cultural Research, 5(3), 368-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/14797580109367237

Wolfensberger, W. (1970). The principle of normalization and its implications to psychiatric services. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127(3), 291-297. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.127.3.291

Wood, L., & Alsawy, S. (2018). Recovery in Psychosis from a Service User Perspective: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Current Qualitative Evidence. Community Mental Health Journal, 54(6), 793-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0185-9


Full Text: PDF

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia License.