Policing Abortion in Poland The Role of Street-Level Law Enforcement Bureaucrats in Shaping Anti-Abortion Policy
Abstract
The criminalization of abortion inevitably involves law enforcement agencies in the implementation of reproductive health policy. It entails the policing of certain aspects of abortion care services, their providers, and their clients. Frontline law enforcement officials involved in policing illegal abortions (i.e., police officers and prosecutors), as any other streetlevel bureaucrats (SLBs), possess discretionary power which can be used with either beneficial or detrimental outcomes to policy clients. As several reported incidents in Poland indicate, law enforcement SLBs may use their discretion to impose restrictions and sanctions on abortion that go beyond the provisions contained in the anti-abortion policy’s design. This paper presents a qualitative case study of two real-life examples of the use of discretion by law enforcement SLBs in implementing anti-abortion policy in Poland. Drawing on theoretical frameworks of streetlevel bureaucracy and reproductive justice, it aims to demonstrate that law enforcement SLBs’ use of discretion may not only enforce anti-abortion policies, but also reinforce their restrictiveness and punitiveness. The research contributes to the scholarship advocating the decriminalization of abortion.
References
Act of 6 November 2008 on Patients’ Rights and Patients’ Rights Ombudsman, Dz.U. 2012, item 159, as amended (Poland)
Alcadipani, R., Lotta, G., & Cohen, N. (2024). Natural born violence? Understanding street‐level bureaucrats’ use of violence: Police officers and protests. Public Administration Review 84(1), 100-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13670
Aniteye, P., & Mayhew, S. H. (2013). Shaping legal abortion provision in Ghana: Using policy theory to understand provider-related obstacles to policy implementation. Health Research Policy and Systems 11(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-11-23
Berer, M. (2017). Abortion law and policy around the world. Health and Human Rights, 19(1), 13-27.
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal 9(2), 27-40.
Brodkin, E. Z. (2012). Reflections on street‐level bureaucracy: Past, present, and future. Public Administration Review 72(6), 940-949. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02657.x
Brown, P., & van Eijk, N. (2021). Cultural processes shaping stop-and-check practices and interaction dynamics in a large Dutch city: Police vulnerabilities, thought styles and rituals. The British Journal of Criminology 61(3), 690-709. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa083
Canes-Wrone, B., & Dorf, M. C. (2015). Measuring the chilling effect. New York University Law Review, 90, 1095-1118.
Casas, X., Kimathi-Osiemo, M., Redwine, D., Tebbets, C., & Plafker, K. (2019). Preventing state harassment of abortion providers: The work of the legal support network in Latin America and East Africa. Health and Human Rights 21(2), 181-187.
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2012/C 326/02, Official Journal of the European Union C 326, 391 (EU)
Chełstowska, A. (2011). Stigmatisation and commercialisation of abortion services in Poland: Turning sin into gold. Reproductive Health Matters 19(37), 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(11)37548-9
Chesney-Lind, M., & Hadi, S. T. (2017). Patriarchy, abortion, and the criminal system: Policing female bodies. Women & Criminal Justice 27(1), 73-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2016.1259601.
Cockrill, K., & Nack, A. (2013). “I’m Not That Type of Person”: Managing the Stigma of Having an Abortion. Deviant Behavior 34(12), 973-990. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2013.800423
Cosgrove, L., & Vaswani, A. (2020). Fetal rights, the policing of pregnancy, and meanings of the maternal in an age of neoliberalism. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology 40(1), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1037/teo0000139
Commissioner for Human Rights. (2023, July 24). Official letter from the CHR to the CPR. https://bip.brpo.gov.pl/sites/default/files/2023-07/Do_RPP_policja_kobieta_aborcja_badania_24.07.2023.pdf
Commissioner for Patients’ Rights. (2023a, February 27). Announcement on the seizure of medical records by the CBA in Szczecin. https://www.gov.pl/web/rpp/komunikat-wsprawie-zabezpieczenia-dokumentacji-medycznej-przez-cba-w-szczecinie
Commissioner for Patients’ Rights. (2023b, December 19). Official letter from the CPR to the CHR. https://bip.brpo.gov.pl/sites/default/files/2023-12/Odpowiedz_RPP_kobieta_19.12.2023.pdf
Commissioner for Patients’ Rights. (2024, January 19). Determination of violation of patient rights. https://www.gov.pl/web/rpp/stwierdzenie-naruszenia-praw-pacjenta-wsprawie-pani-joanny-z-krakowa
Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, Dz.U. 1997 No. 78, item 483 (Poland)
Code of Criminal Procedure of 6 June 1997, Dz.U. 1997 No. 89, item 555, as amended (Poland)
De Zordo, S., & Mishtal, J. (2011). Physicians and abortion: Provision, political participation and conflicts on the ground—the cases of Brazil and Poland. Women’s Health Issues 21(3), 32-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2011.01.006
Dellinger, J., & Pell, S. K. (2024). Bodies of evidence: The criminalization of abortion and surveillance of women in a post-Dobbs world. Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy 19(1), 1-108.
Douglas, G. (1991). Law, fertility and reproduction. Sweet and Maxwell.
Ertan, S., & Yaman, S. (2025). Abortion Laws in Democracies: Revisiting the political development aspect of modernization. Interdisciplinary Political Studies 11(1), 11-30. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20398573v11n1p11
European Convention on Human Rights, as amended by Protocols Nos. 11, 14, and 15, Council of Europe Treaty Series No. 005 (1950). https://www.echr.coe.int/
Fakty po Faktach. (2023a, July 19). TVN24. https://tvn24.pl/go/programy,7/fakty-po-faktachodcinki,15048/odcinek-3145,S00E3145,1117560 Act of 7 January 1993 on Family Planning, Protection of the Human Fetus and Conditions for Permissibility of Abortion, Dz.U. 1993 No. 17, item 78 (Poland)
Ferenc, K. (2025, March 28). Court decision of the District Court for Kraków-Krowodrza [Facebook post]. https://www.facebook.com/100003184187420/posts/6298223890293688/?mibextid=wwXIfr&rdid=MiF97TYyUfWbANDq
Flavin, J. (2009). Our bodies, our crimes: The policing of women’s reproduction in America. New York University Press.
Flyvbjerg, B. (2004). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University.
Gannon, P., & Pullan, D. (2025). “In Italy, we have a saying: make the law and you will find a way to cheat it”: The regionalized implementation of Italian abortion policies. Interdisciplinary Political Studies 11(1), 83-106. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20398573v11n1p83
Grzyb, M. (2023). Kryminalizacja przerywania ciąży w Polsce – rozważania z teorii kryminalizacji. In M. Grzyb & K. Sękowska-Kozłowska (Eds.), Kobieta – ciąża – zarodek– dziecko. Prawne aspekty przerywania ciąży. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Holmberg, L. (2000). Discretionary leniency and typological guilt: Results from a Danish study of police discretion. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 1(2), 179-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/140438500300076171
Howard, G. (2020). The pregnancy police: Surveillance, regulation, and control. Harvard Law & Policy Review 14(2), 347-363
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 16 December 1966, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instrumentsmechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights
Janik, J. (2024, February 22). Akt oskarżenia przeciw ginekolog… [Indictment against gynecologist…]. Termedia. https://www.termedia.pl/prawo/Akt-oskarzenia-przeciwginekolog-Marii-Kubisie,54993.html
Jędrzejczyk, A. (2023, July 22). Skoro policja za pastwienie się nad panią Joanną… [Since the police got away with mistreating Ms. Joanna…]. OKO.press. https://oko.press/sprawapani-joanny-kontrola-cywilna-nad-policja
Jibat, N., Tadele, G., Haukanes, H., & Blystad, A. (2024). “We need to confirm at least from two or three”: Healthcare workers’ discretion as gatekeepers in the context of the Ethiopian abortion law. International Journal for Equity in Health 23(1), 127. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-024-02203-6
Keiser, L. R. (2010). Understanding street‐level bureaucrats’ decision making: Determining eligibility in the social security disability program. Public Administration Review 70(2), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02131.x
Kijowska, R. (2023, July 18). Pani Joanna zażyła tabletkę poronną... [Ms. Joanna took an abortion pill...]. TVN24. https://fakty.tvn24.pl/zobacz-fakty/pani-joanna-zazylatabletke-poronna-do-szpitala-przyjechali-policjanci-zabrali-jej-laptop-i-telefonst7245233
Kocemba, K. (2023). Right-wing legal mobilization against abortion. The case of Poland. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4669258
Kocemba, K., & Stambulski, R. (2023). Gotowanie żaby. Prawicowy konstytucjonalizm a prawa kobiet. In M. Grzyb & K. Sękowska-Kozłowska (Eds.), Kobieta – ciąża – zarodek – dziecko. Prawne aspekty przerywania ciąży. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Koven, S. G. (2019). The case against bureaucratic discretion. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05779-4
Kowalewska, J. (2023a, February 24). Agenci CBA w gabinecie ginekologicznym… [CBA agents in a gynecological office…]. Gazeta Wyborcza Szczecin. https://szczecin.wyborcza.pl/szczecin/7,34939,29498467,agenci-cba-w-gabinecieginekologicznym-w-szczecinie-zarekwirowali.html
Kowalewska, J. (2023b, March 8). Prokurator czyta o ciążach… [Prosecutor reads about pregnancies…]. Gazeta Wyborcza Szczecin. https://szczecin.wyborcza.pl/szczecin/7,34939,29529751,oblawa-cba-naginekologiczne-karty-polek-dlaczego-agenci-cba.html
Kowalewska, J. (2023c, July 24). Sąd o nalocie CBA… [Court decision regarding CBA’s raid…]. Gazeta Wyborcza Szczecin. https://szczecin.wyborcza.pl/szczecin/7,34939,30001896,jest-decyzja-sadu-wsprawie-nalotu-cba-na-gabinet-ginekologiczny.html#S.embed_link-K.C-B.1-L.1.zw
Kowalewska, J. (2023d, September 15). Najpierw był nalot CBA… [First, there was a CBA raid…]. Gazeta Wyborcza. https://szczecin.wyborcza.pl/szczecin/7,34939,30190110,najpierwbyl-nalot-cba-na-gabinet-ginekologiczny-teraz-policja.html#S.embed_link-K.C-B.1-L.3.zw
Kowalewska, J. (2024a, June 19). Śledztwo w głośnej sprawie nalotu CBA… [Investigation into the high-profile CBA raid…]. Gazeta Wyborcza Szczecin. https://szczecin.wyborcza.pl/szczecin/7,34939,31075415,sledztwo-w-glosnejsprawie-nalotu-cba-na-gabinet-ginekologiczny.html#S.embed_link-K.C-B.1-L.3.zw
Kowalewska, J. (2024b, October 7). Ginekolożka dr Kubisa stanie przed sądem w Szczecinie. [Gynecologist Dr. Kubisa will stand trial in Szczecin]. Gazeta Wyborcza Szczecin. https://szczecin.wyborcza.pl/szczecin/7,34939,31357061,ta-sprawa-stala-siesymbolem-represji-panstwa-pis-wobec-kobiet.html
Krajewska, A. (2022). Revisiting Polish Abortion Law: Doctors and Institutions in a Restrictive Regime. Social & Legal Studies, 31(3), 409-438. https://doi.org/10.1177/09646639211040171
Kraśnicki, A. (2023, November 25). Dziwne okoliczności… [Strange circumstances…]. Gazeta Wyborcza. https://szczecin.wyborcza.pl/szczecin/7,34939,30443197,dziwneokolicznosci-postawienia-marii-kubisie-zarzutow-udzielenia.html
Kumar, A., Hessini, L., & Mitchell, E. M. H. (2009). Conceptualising abortion stigma. Culture, Health & Sexuality 11(6), 625-639. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050902842741
Kwiatkowska, A., Pustułka, P., & Buler, M. (2024). Persistence of abortion stigma inscribed in the legal framework: The case of abortion attitudes in Poland. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 31(2), 273-297. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxad035
Lewandowski, M. (2013). Koncepcja „owoców zatrutego drzewa” a swobodna ocena dowodów w orzecznictwie sądów polskich i Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka. Studia Prawa Publicznego (2), 83-100.
Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public services. Russell Sage Foundation.
Maynard-Moody, S., & Musheno, M. C. (2010). Cops, teachers, counselors: Stories from the front lines of public service. University of Michigan Press.
McLean, K., Wolfe, S. E., Rojek, J., Alpert, G. P., & Smith, M. R. (2020). Police officers as warriors or guardians: Empirical reality or intriguing rhetoric? Justice Quarterly 37(6), 1096-1118. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2018.1533031
Meredith, S. (2005). Policing pregnancy: The law and ethics of obstetric conflict. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
Michałowski, K. (2023, February 27). CBA zabezpieczyło dokumentację… [The CBA secured medical records…]. BIP RPO. https://bip.brpo.gov.pl/pl/content/interwencja-cbadokumentacja-medyczna-ginekolog-pacjentki
Mishtal, J. Z. (2009). Matters of “conscience”: The politics of reproductive healthcare in Poland. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 23(2), 161-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1387.2009.01053.x
Musheno, M., & Maynard-Moody, S. (2015). Playing the rules: Discretion in social and policy context. In P. Hupe, M. Hill, & A. Buffat (Eds.). Understanding Street-Level Bureaucracy, 167-187. Policy Press.
Norris, A., Bessett, D., Steinberg, J. R., Kavanaugh, M. L., De Zordo, S., & Becker, D. (2011). Abortion stigma: A reconceptualization of constituents, causes, and consequences. Women’s Health Issues 21(3, Suppl.), S49-S54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2011.02.005
Ogólnopolski Strajk Kobiet. (2023, June 4). Dziś w Warszawie odbył się protest przeciwko zaostrzeniu prawa aborcyjnego... [Today in Warsaw, a protest was held against the tightening of abortion law...] [Facebook post]. https://www.facebook.com/ogolnopolskistrajkkobiet/posts/661837609322313
Parashar, R., Gawde, N., & Gilson, L. (2021). Application of “actor interface analysis” to examine practices of power in health policy implementation: An interpretive synthesis and guiding steps. International Journal of Health Policy and Management 10(Suppl. 1), 430-442. https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2020.191
Penal Code of 6 June 1997, Dz.U. 1997 No. 88, item 553, as amended (Poland)
Personal Data Protection Office. (2024, March 10). Statement by the PDPO President. https://uodo.gov.pl/pl/138/3589
Pharmaceutical Law of 6 September 2001, Dz.U. 2001 No. 126, item 1381, as amended (Poland)
Prendergast, C. (2007). The motivation and bias of bureaucrats. The American Economic Review 97(1), 180-196. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282807780323532
Pullan, D. (forthcoming). Doctors’ rights vs. patients’ rights: Analyzing the implementation of Italian abortion policy in Puglia. Social Politics.
Pullan, D., & Gannon, P. (2024). Between the church and the state: Catholic and European influences on abortion governance in Italy and beyond. Journal of Religion in Europe 17(3), 262-292.
Rahr, S., & Rice, S. K. (2015). From Warriors to Guardians: Recommitting American Police Culture to Democratic Ideals. New Perspectives in Policing Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. NCJ 248654.
Rapley T. (2013). Analiza konwersacji, dyskursu i dokumentów. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation) (EU)
Roberts, D. (2015). Reproductive Justice, Not Just Rights. Dissent 62(4), 79-82. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dss.2015.0073.
Rogowska, K. (2023, February 27). To nie pierwszy nalot CBA… [This was not the first CBA raid…]. TOK FM. https://www.tokfm.pl/Tokfm/7,103085,29505788,to-nie-pierwszynalot-cba-na-gabinet-ginekologiczny-w-szczecinie.html
Rojek-Socha, P., Sewastianowicz, M., & Żaczkiewicz-Zborska, K. (2023, July 21). Kucnij, kaszlnij [Duck, cough]. Prawo.pl. https://www.prawo.pl/prawnicy-sady/dzialania-policji-popodejrzeniu-aborcji-sprawa-joanny-z-krakowa,522304.html
Ross L., & Solinger R. (2017). Reproductive justice: An introduction. Oakland: University of California Press.
Rzekiecki, P. (2023, October 6). CBA i dokumentacja medyczna [The CBA and medical documentation]. Sieć Obywatelska Watchdog Polska. https://siecobywatelska.pl/cba-i-dokumentacja-medyczna/
Singh, S., Sedgh, G., & Hussain, R. (2018). Abortion worldwide 2017: Uneven progress and unequal access. Guttmacher Institute. https://www.guttmacher.org/report/abortionworldwide-2017
Sitnicka, D. (2023, July 31). Jak powinna była zachować się policja... [How should the police have acted...]. OKO.press. https://oko.press/policja-joanna-opinie
Starzewski, Ł. (2023, July 25). Interwencja policji w krakowskim szpitalu [Police intervention in a Krakow’s hospital]. BIP RPO. https://bip.brpo.gov.pl/pl/content/rpo-szpitalpolicja-interwencja-krakow-rpp
Starzewski, Ł. (2024, May 10). Interwencja policji wobec kobiety… [Police intervention against a woman…]. BIP RPO. https://bip.brpo.gov.pl/pl/content/rpo-krakow-szpitalkobieta-interwencja-policja-rpp-kgp-puodo
Staszak, A. (2023, September 16). Najpierw CBA zabrało dokumentację medyczną... [First, the CBA seized medical records...]. Onet Wiadomości. https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/szczecin/najpierw-cba-zabralo-dokumentacje-terazprokuratura-wzywa-pacjentki-to-zastraszanie/97w3615
Stensöta, H. O. (2012). Political influence on street-level bureaucratic outcome: Testing the interaction between bureaucratic ideology and local community political orientation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 22(3), 553-571. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mur062
Szczepaniak, I. (2022). Police vs. the Women’s Movement protests in Poland – a criminological and sociological perspective. Archives of Criminology XLIV/2, 107-147. https://doi.org/10.7420/AK2022.01
Theus, J. (2023a, March 3). Ginekolożka: agenci CBA wyrwali telefon… [Gynecologist: CBA agents took the phone away]. OKO.press. https://oko.press/ginekolozka-szczecincba
Theus, J. (2023b, July 19). Przemoc lekarska i policyjna… [Medical and police violence…]. OKO.press. https://oko.press/przemoc-wobec-joanna-tabletka-poronna
Theus, J. (2023c, July 20). Czułam, jakby policjanci mnie gwałcili… [I felt like the police were raping me…]. OKO.press. https://oko.press/czulam-jakby-policjanci-mnie-gwalcilipani-joanna
Tønnessen, L., & Al-Nagar, S. (2019). The politicization of abortion and Hippocratic disobedience in Islamist Sudan. Health and Human Rights 21(2), 7-19. https://www.hhrjournal.org/2019/10/the-politicization-of-abortion-andhippocratic-disobedience-in-islamist-sudan/
Trochymiak, M. (2018). Uznaniowość w pomocy społecznej: Działania pracowników socjalnych w świetle koncepcji street-level bureaucracy. Polityka Społeczna 9, 1-9.
Trybunał Konstytucyjny, K 1/20, Dz.U. 2021 poz. 175 (22 October 2020) (Poland)
Tummers, L., & Bekkers, V. (2014). Policy implementation, street-level bureaucracy, and the importance of discretion. Public Management Review 16(4), 527-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2013.841978
TVN24. (2023a, February 27). Prokurator zwrócił dokumentację pacjentek... [The prosecutor returned medical records...]. https://tvn24.pl/trojmiasto/szczecin-agenci-cbawkroczyli-do-prywatnego-gabinetu-ginekologicznego-zabezpieczyli-dokumentacjepacjentek-st6779353
TVN24. (2023b, July 19). Interwencja w szpitalu w Krakowie… [Intervention at the hospital in Krakow…]. https://tvn24.pl/polska/policyjna-interwencja-wobec-pani-joanny-wszpitalu-w-krakowie-kobieta-zazyla-tabletke-poronna-stanowisko-policji-st7245962 TVN24. (2023c, July 20). Policja nie uważa… [The police claim…]. https://tvn24.pl/polska/interwencja-wobec-pani-joanny-zmieniajacy-siekomunikat-policji-st7248629
TVN24. (2023d, July 20). Sprawa pani Joanny… [The case of Ms. Joanna…]. https://tvn24.pl/polska/sprawa-pani-joanny-policja-pokazala-nagrania-st7249331
TVN24. (2023e, July 24). CBA nie miało prawa... [The CBA had no right...]. TVN24. https://tvn24.pl/pomorze/szczecin-cba-nie-mialo-prawa-zabrac-ginekologicznejkartoteki-zdaniem-sadu-to-niedopuszczalne-7255957?source=rss
TVN24. (2024a, January 26). Kolejny zarzut... [Another charge...]. https://tvn24.pl/szczecin/szczecin-kolejne-zarzuty-dla-szczecinskiej-ginekolozkilacznie-jest-ich-juz-szesc-st7741279
TVN24. (2024b, September 27). Wraca sprawa pani Joanny... [The case of Ms. Joanna returns...].https://tvn24.pl/krakow/krakow-wraca-wczesniej-umorzona-spraw-pani-joannysprawa-polityczna-st8109968
TVN. (2023, October 4). Zabrali dokumentację medyczną... [They took medical records…]. Uwaga! TVN. https://uwaga.tvn.pl/reportaze/szczecin-z-gabinetu-ginekologicznegozabrano-dokumentacje-z-30-lat-pacjentki-wzywano-na-policje-st7374596
TVP Info Szczecin. (2024, February 22). Miała pomagać w przerwaniu 6 ciąż [She allegedly assisted in six abortions]. https://szczecin.tvp.pl/76063800/miala-pomagac-wprzerwaniu-6-ciaz-akt-oskarzenia-wobec-szczecinskiej-lekarki
TVP Info. (2023, July 20). Konferencja policji… [Police press conference…]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mi_sG9u7tj0&ab_channel=TVPInfo
Wagenaar, H., Amesberger, H., & Altink, S. (2017). The local governance of prostitution: Regulatory drift and implementation capture. In H. Wagenaar, H. Amesberger, & S. Altink (Eds.), Designing prostitution policy. Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447324249.003.0003
Wantuch, D. (2023, July 18). Zażyła tabletkę aborcyjną… [She took an abortion pill…].
Wyborcza. https://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/7,44425,29986084,zazyla-tabletkeaborcyjna-powiedziala-o-tym-swojej-lekarce.html
Wentkowska, A. (2017). Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? Skargi na działania policji: Konteksty prawnoporównawcze. Biuro Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich.
Więcek-Durańska, A. (2023). Statystyczny obraz przestępstw aborcyjnych w Polsce. In M. Grzyb & K. Sękowska-Kozłowska (Eds.), Kobieta – ciąża – zarodek – dziecko. Prawne aspekty przerywania ciąży. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Wright, J. E., & Headley, A. M. (2020). Police use of force interactions: Is race relevant or gender germane? The American Review of Public Administration 50(8), 851-864. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020919908
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (Sixth edition). SAGE.
Żuk, P. (2024). The beating heart of the ruling party: On the social and political functions of the police in a state of right-wing populists and a triple-masters class. In S. Springer & R. J. White (Eds.), Towards Anti-Policing: Prefiguring Possibilities beyond the Thin Blue Line, 289-316. Lexington Books.
Full Text: pdf
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.